Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy: Symptoms and Risks

What Is Gestational Diabetes?

Gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels that develop during pregnancy and usually resolve after birth. Pregnancy hormones increase insulin resistance, and if the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to manage this resistance, blood sugar rises, leading to gestational diabetes.

Contrary to common belief, gestational diabetes is a serious pregnancy complication that can affect both maternal and fetal health. Therefore, early detection and proper management are essential.

Who Is at Risk for Gestational Diabetes?

Although it can occur in any pregnancy, some women have a higher risk:

• Overweight or obesity
• Women over age 35
• Family history of diabetes
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Previous gestational diabetes
• Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets)
• Insulin resistance or prediabetes

It is also more common in certain ethnic groups, but it can occur in women with no known risk factors.

Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes often develops without symptoms, which is why screening with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between weeks 24–28 is critical.

When symptoms do appear, they may include:

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Nighttime urination
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
• Frequent infections

However, these symptoms may overlap with normal pregnancy symptoms, making self diagnosis difficult.

Risks for the Mother

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as:

• Preeclampsia
• High blood pressure
• Increased need for cesarean delivery
• Higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy

Risks for the Baby

High maternal blood sugar can affect the baby and may result in:

• Macrosomia (large baby)
• Preterm birth
• Breathing problems
• Low blood sugar after birth
• Increased risk of obesity and diabetes later in life

How Is Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is typically made using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between weeks 24–28. In some cases, earlier testing may be recommended.

Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

1. Dietary Management

• Avoiding simple sugars
• Consuming whole grains
• Choosing low glycemic foods
• Balanced intake of carbohydrates, protein, and fat
• Small, frequent meals

2. Exercise

Moderate activities such as walking, yoga, and light exercise can help lower blood sugar.

3. Medication or Insulin

If lifestyle changes are not enough, insulin therapy may be recommended. Some oral diabetes medications may not be suitable during pregnancy.

Does Gestational Diabetes Go Away After Birth?

Most women improve after delivery, but:

• A follow up glucose test 6–12 weeks postpartum is recommended
• The risk of type 2 diabetes increases by 40–60%
• Lifestyle changes are crucial to reduce long term risk

Can Gestational Diabetes Be Prevented?

• Maintaining a healthy weight before pregnancy
• Healthy eating habits
• Regular physical activity
• Limiting refined sugar
• Monitoring blood sugar when necessary

While not always preventable, the risk can be significantly reduced.

When to Seek Medical Help?

• Very high blood sugar values
• Severe thirst and frequent urination
• Dizziness or blurred vision
• Reduced fetal movement

Early medical intervention helps protect both mother and baby.

In Summary

Gestational diabetes is becoming increasingly common and often progresses without noticeable symptoms. Screening tests, proper diet, exercise, and medication when necessary can help most women have a healthy pregnancy. Early detection and a proactive lifestyle significantly reduce long-term risks for both mother and child.